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, by Michael Axworthy
PDF Download , by Michael Axworthy
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Product details
File Size: 18781 KB
Print Length: 492 pages
Publisher: Penguin (March 7, 2013)
Publication Date: March 7, 2013
Sold by: Amazon Digital Services LLC
Language: English
ASIN: B00ADNP414
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This book is essential reading to understand the Islamic revolution of 1979 and the politics of Iran today. Published in 2013, it is recent enough to include most events leading up to the nuclear deal of 2015 (JCPOA). The author traveled to Iran from an early age, and served in Tehran as head of the British Foreign Office from 1998-2000. He now directs the center for Iranian studies at Exeter University and provides consulting on Iran for government and business interests.It is a balanced account of the revolution, and includes many other relevant events before and after. In the US opinions are strong when topics of Iranian history and politics are raised. For US foreign policy few countries have greater importance in 2018. Recently US continued participation in the JCPOA has been questioned, and Iran's role in regional conflicts has been criticized in the UN.Michael Axworthy begins by asking how the leadership of the revolution fell to the clergy in 1979. Since the Safavid Dynasty in 1501, a hierarchy of Shia clerics held power alongside the royalty of Iran. The Shia sect defines Islam in Iran, in contrast to the mainly Sunni middle east. Shia have fought dynastic rule from the death of Muhammad's grandson Husayn at the hand of the caliphate in 680.In the early 20th C. Iran's first movement to replace the monarchy with a constitutional democracy was endorsed by the clergy. Economic pressures from Britain and Russia's 'great game' had weakened the royal dynasty and caused widespread unrest. The new constitution recognized Sharia and Shi'ism and limited the power of the Shah. But as the elected legislative body began to modernize the state, support from the clergy wained and royalists rallied to regain power.A survey through the seven decades preceding the second revolution follows. Oil was found, WWI was waged, and the Pahlavi dynasty was created with the help of British intercession. In the 20's and 30's Reza Shah remade the military and educational systems, and attempted to secularize society. Reform turned into repression, until he was deposed for not cooperating with the Allies during WWII.The 50's brought further exploitation of oil by foreign powers, and the rise of nationalism (anti-imperialist, anti-monarchist and anti-clerical). Democratically elected Prime Minister Mosaddegh was partly backed by left-wing pro-Russian elements. He was toppled by the CIA and MI6 in cold war Operation Ajax, with the clergy conspiring to oust him. Shah Reza Pahlavi, who had replaced his father at the behest of the British, also cooperated with the plot and was now seen to be an instrument of US foreign policy.The new Shah oversaw a tremendous expansion of oil-based wealth. But a quarter-century of autocratic rule followed before enough pressure had built for the dam to burst. The Shah had stamped out all opposition with the exception of the clergy, who were protected by their faith-based following. After the revolution, the story continues with the first supreme leader Ayatollah Khomeini, the hostage crisis, Iran-Iraq war, Iran-Contra affair, Rushdie fatwa and on through the nineties and the new millennium.Coverage of the more recent years leads through a labyrinth of interparty political struggles that tend toward tedium. As we approach the 30th year since the second supreme leader Ali Khamenei's ascension to power (and his 80th birthday) one can't help but wonder what will happen next, especially in view of the massive protests of late 2017-early 2018, and entanglements with international insurgencies.Some questions will inevitably arise: Is this book Pro-Iran or Anti-Iran? Is it Pro-West or Anti-West? Axworthy is on the side of better understanding and improved relations between the West and Iran. He is critical of foreign interventions in the region, as well as authoritarian aspects of recent regimes. The book presents the history of modern Iran until current events and poses the dilemmas faced.
Even as a long time Iranian-American, I've usually been skeptical of histrory of Iran written by non-Iranians. It's not out of any cultural concern, but due to doubts about scholastic depth and motives. However, this work by Axworthy not only has made me rethink that presupposition, but also made m think that it is sometimes possible that a non-Iranian can research, compile, and present Iran's history in a more competent and intersting way than a native. The book is very readable, engaging, factually informative, fairly presented (though as the author acknowledges no one is without bias), and quite interesting. I had a hard time putting it down despite its 500 pages. A sincere kudos and appreciation to the author for his interest in the history of modern Iran, and his dedicated and careful study of its complexities summarized and presented as well as anyone might have been able to.
i read axworthy's book on iran empire but liked this one more; he did a great job of describing a very volitle, confusing time very well; i especially liked the way he handled the three plus decades of interactions between the USA & iran; he was very objective & pointed out the times both sides blew potential opportunities to improve realtions between the countries in that time period; if they had, the world would be a better places today than it is; i have read several books covering this time period and this is the best from my perspective; i have visited iran & his insights agree with my take aways very well; an interesting country despite its being ruled by such a ruthless bunch of thugs; the iranian people will succeed in getting rid of the current regime i am sure not sure when
I loved this book.Knowing next to nothing about Iran, my curiosity was piqued with the outstanding academy award winning Iranian film A Separation that depicted a complex, vibrant and tragic nation unlike what I'd imagined from my limited reading of alarming news about Iran. The news depicts a theocratic, threatening, paranoid, murderous government. All this is sadly and tragically true, but Iran`s government is not Iran and, as the book makes clear, Iranians themselves have very different views and aspirations.Though Iran`s deep history as Persia is covered, the book is effectively about the period 1970-2012, from the lead up to the 1979 revolution to the book`s publication. Unlike other modern revolutions and contrary to the expectations of most, a clerical elite ended up on top after Iran`s revolution. However, to get on top this elite had to make extensive use of ruthless and cynical violence. Thus Iran`s politician-clerics represent an extreme wing of overall clerical opinion in Iran. The need for constant violence and intimidation tends to select for clerics who can justify the maintenance of power over the tenets of their religion. Large segments of the Iranian population have lost faith in their governing religious leaders, even as they remain committed to their version of Islam. This suggests parallels to Cromwell`s 1650s England, or Martin Luther`s pre-reformation Germany. Indeed, the book describes several points where modern Iran came tantalizingly close to developing in a different direction.The author's excellent grasp of Farsi allows him to impart an authentic and empathetic sense of hopes, opinion and debate in contemporary Iran. His status as a foreigner lets him see Iran more clearly than many Iranians and his calibre as a writer/historian let him explain it all in compelling fashion.
I learned a ton about Iran and I thought it was a really good book in general. But if you are looking for an impartial history, this is not the book for you. I am fine with the way it was written and I do not think it was intended to be written as an unbiased peek into Iran, but the author does have an implicit bias and a sometimes explicit bias throughout the book.Good book though.
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